Table 4

Primary child health outcomes in the ECHO-PATHWAYS consortium at age 8–9

Age 8–9 year visit*	N=912
Variable (categorical)	N	%	Variable (continuous)	N	Mean	SD
Asthma and allergy
ISAAC survey†	912
Current wheeze		13
Current asthma		14
Ever asthma		19
Strict asthma		12
Eczema		35
Rhinitis		31
Spirometry‡	739		Spirometry‡	739
FEV1<LLN		3	FEV1 Z-score		0.28	1.00
FVC<LLN		2	FVC Z-score		0.39	0.99
FEV1/FVC<LLN		8	FEV1/FVC Z-score		−0.17	1.10
FEF 25–75<LLN		7	FEF 25–75 Z-score		−0.16	0.95
IgE§	545
Food Phadiotop (≥0.35)		29
Food Phadiotop (≥0.10)		58
Aeroallergen Phadiotop (≥0.35)		50
Aeroallergen Phadiotop (≥0.10)		63
Any allergy (≥0.35)		56
Any allergy (≥0.10)		76
Neurodevelopment and mental health
Child Behaviour Checklist¶	912		Child Behaviour Checklist ¶	912
Externalising score (T-score >63)		6	Externalising score		48	10
Internalising score (T-score >63)		8	Internalising score		48	10
Affective scale (T-score >69)		3	Affective scale		54	6
Anxiety scale (T-score >69)		3	Anxiety scale		54	5
ADHD scale (T-score >69)		3	ADHD scale		54	6
Depression	820		Depression**	820
Elevated CDI-2 (≥65)		17	CDI-2 t-score		55	11
Very elevated CDI-2 (≥70)		10
Anxiety	820		Anxiety ††
SCARED score ≥25		55	SCARED score	822	28	14
			Digit Span scaled score	748	9.5	3.0
			Hearts and Flowers
			Overall accuracy	744	0.84	0.12
			Flanker
			Age-corrected standard score	720	95.6	13.8

*Total count for the age 8–9 year visit in this table is defined as those participants having at least one neurodevelopment or airway outcome in the CANDLE cohort. Age 8–9 year visits are currently ongoing in the TIDES and GAPPS-PW cohorts, and thus data are not included here.
†ISAAC, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Current wheeze was defined as an affirmative response to two questions: ‘Has your child ever had wheezing or whistling in the chest at any time in the past?’ and ‘Has your child ever had wheezing or whistling in the chest in the last 12 months?’ Ever asthma was defined as an affirmative response to the question: ‘Has your child ever had asthma?’ Current asthma was defined as at least two of current wheeze, ever asthma and asthma medication use (‘In the past 12 months has the child used any medications for asthma or wheeze’). Strict asthma was defined as ever asthma AND at least one of current wheeze and current asthma medication use. Eczema was defined as an affirmative response to the question ‘Has your child ever had eczema?’ Rhinitis was defined as an affirmative response to the question ‘Has your child ever had a problem with sneezing, or a runny, or blocked nose when he/she did not have a cold or the flu?’.
‡FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEF25−75, forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of FVC; LLN, lower limit of normal, defined as a Z-score of −1.645.
§Serum IgE screen was measured from child participants’ blood samples collected at the age 8–9 year visit. The food allergen mix included chicken egg, cow’s milk, peanut, soybean, codfish and wheat. Values less than the limit of detection (<0.1) were set to 0.1/√2.
¶Continuous scales are T-scores that were calculated using standard Child Behaviour Checklist norms; T-scores were dichotomised using clinical cut-points; ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
**CDI-2, Children’s Depression Inventory, Second Edition. Continuous measures are T-scores using age and gender specific norms.
††SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders. Continuous measures are raw scores; possible range is 0–82.
Possible Digit Span scaled score range is 1–19.
CANDLE, Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood; GAPPS, Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth; TIDES, The Infant Development and Environment Study.