ORs of adverse birth outcomes for offspring overweight status from 3 to 8 years of age
| Overweight at 3–5 years of age (n=179) | Overweight at 6–8 years of age (n=468) | |||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Model 1 | ||||
| Caesarean delivery | 1.96 (1.36 to 2.84) | <0.001 | 1.69 (1.33 to 2.14) | <0.001 |
| Gestational week at delivery | ||||
| Preterm birth | 0.90 (0.40 to 1.98) | 0.784 | 1.05 (0.62 to 1.76) | 0.865 |
| Term birth | Reference | Reference | ||
| Post-term pregnancy | 1.56 (0.59 to 4.11) | 0.366 | 0.86 (0.39 to 1.94) | 0.721 |
| Weight at birth | ||||
| Macrosomia | 2.63 (1.79 to 3.87) | <0.001 | 2.59 (1.91 to 3.50) | <0.001 |
| Normal weight | Reference | Reference | ||
| Low birth weight | 0.65 (0.20 to 2.11) | 0.472 | 0.41 (0.17 to 0.98) | 0.045 |
| Gestational age specific weight at birth | ||||
| Large for gestational age | 2.37 (1.66 to 3.39) | <0.001 | 2.42 (1.84 to 3.19) | <0.001 |
| Appropriate for gestational age | Reference | Reference | ||
| Small for gestational age | 0.37 (0.14 to 1.03) | 0.057 | 0.48 (0.27 to 0.83) | 0.009 |
| Weight/length ratio at birth | ||||
| High weight/length ratio at birth | 2.09 (1.51 to 2.91) | <0.001 | 2.18 (1.72 to 2.77) | <0.001 |
| Normal weight/length ratio at birth | Reference | Reference | ||
| Low weight/length ratio at birth | 0.59 (0.27 to 1.31) | 0.194 | 0.47 (0.28 to 0.80) | 0.006 |
| Model 2 | ||||
| Caesarean delivery | 1.36 (0.91 to 2.01) | 0.131 | 1.20 (0.93 to 1.56) | 0.162 |
| Gestational week at delivery | ||||
| Preterm birth | 0.90 (0.40 to 2.03) | 0.800 | 1.01 (0.59 to 1.74) | 0.975 |
| Term birth | Reference | Reference | ||
| Post-term pregnancy | 1.41 (0.50 to 3.95) | 0.518 | 0.83 (0.35 to 1.94) | 0.662 |
| Weight at birth | ||||
| Macrosomia | 1.89 (1.25 to 2.85) | 0.002 | 1.92 (1.39 to 2.65) | <0.001 |
| Normal weight | Reference | Reference | ||
| Low birth weight | 0.68 (0.20 to 2.26) | 0.528 | 0.41 (0.17 to 0.98) | 0.046 |
| Gestational age specific weight at birth | ||||
| Large for gestational age | 1.86 (1.27 to 2.72) | 0.002 | 1.99 (1.49 to 2.67) | <0.001 |
| Appropriate for gestational age | Reference | Reference | ||
| Small for gestational age | 0.45 (0.16 to 1.26) | 0.128 | 0.53 (0.30 to 0.95) | 0.032 |
| Weight/length ratio at birth | ||||
| High weight/length ratio at birth | 1.67 (1.18 to 2.37) | 0.004 | 1.82 (1.41 to 2.34) | <0.001 |
| Normal weight/length ratio at birth | Reference | Reference | ||
| Low weight/length ratio at birth | 0.67 (0.30 to 1.50) | 0.329 | 0.52 (0.30 to 0.90) | 0.018 |
| Model 3 | ||||
| Weight at birth | ||||
| Macrosomia | – | – | – | – |
| Normal weight | ||||
| Low birth weight | – | – | – | – |
| Gestational age specific weight at birth | ||||
| Large for gestational age | 1.86 (1.27 to 2.72) | 0.002 | – | – |
| Appropriate for gestational age | Reference | |||
| Small for gestational age | 0.45 (0.16 to 1.26) | 0.128 | – | – |
| Weight/length ratio at birth | ||||
| High weight/length ratio at birth | – | – | 1.82 (1.41 to 2.34) | <0.001 |
| Normal weight/length ratio at birth | Reference | |||
| Low weight/length ratio at birth | – | – | 0.52 (0.30 to 0.90) | 0.018 |
Model 1: univariable analysis.
Model 2: multivariable analysis, adjusted for prepregnancy body mass index, systolic blood pressure, education attainment, family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives, gestational diabetes mellitus, intensive care status during pregnancy, unintentional intervention, child gender, breastfeeding status, and birth weight (for caesarean delivery only).
Model 3: adjusted for the variables listed in model 2 and backward stepwise approach was used to select pregnancy outcomes (p=0.05 for exit).