Table 3

Percentage increases in risk (IR%) and 95% CIs associated with IQR increase in 24 h mean concentrations of NO2, O3, PM10, H2S, and SO2 by all natural cause death (ICD-10 codes A-R) from unique multivariate analyses separately for each lag in the Reykjavik area, adjusted for each pollutant, temperature, and relative humidity

NO2 (IQR 16.7 µg/m3)O3 (IQR 19.5 µg/m3)PM10 (IQR 13.4 µg/m3)H2S (IQR 2.6 µg/m3)SO2 (IQR 1.9 µg/m3)
Lag/strataIR%95% CIIR%95% CIIR%95% CIIR%95% CIIR%95% CI
Un-stratified
 0−2.01−8.12 to 4.500.18−6.98 to 7.890.48−1.45 to 2.451.01−0.38 to 2.41−1.68−6.95 to 3.89
 1−2.09−8.23 to 4.46−1.83−8.87 to 5.77−1.14−3.07 to 0.840.97−0.43 to 2.40−3.26−8.45 to 2.21
 2−0.35−6.54 to 6.240.29−6.90 to 8.030.53−1.41 to 2.50−0.80−2.26 to 0.67−2.55−7.76 to 2.95
 3−5.33−11.25 to 0.99−9.51−16.09 to −2.410.67−1.32 to 2.70−1.54−3.00 to −0.05−0.40−5.75 to 5.24
 4−4.37−10.42 to 2.09−4.28−11.21 to 3.181.27−0.68 to 3.26−0.54−2.10 to 1.053.17−2.45 to 9.10
Summer*
 0−6.68−16.43 to 4.20−2.84−12.78 to 8.231.51−2.56 to 5.753.79−0.06 to 7.791.32−6.70 to 10.01
 1−4.05−13.99 to 7.023.70−6.94 to 15.55−0.22−4.28 to 4.025.050.61 to 9.68−1.83−9.41 to 6.38
 2−1.82−11.90 to 9.43−1.39−11.39 to 9.73−0.12−4.29 to 4.235.090.44 to 9.97−2.97−10.63 to 5.34
 3−9.28−18.59 to 1.10−12.77−21.65 to −2.881.08−2.94 to 5.272.40−2.68 to 7.76−1.44−9.11 to 6.88
 4−6.38−16.14 to 4.52−4.58−14.26 to 6.20−0.66−4.65 to 3.50−0.44−5.48 to 4.87−2.58−10.16 to 5.63
Winter†
 01.15−7.02 to 10.033.02−7.40 to 14.610.10−2.14 to 2.400.65−0.86 to 2.18−3.63−10.66 to 3.95
 1−3.00−10.93 to 5.63−6.30−15.85 to 4.33−1.70−3.95 to 0.590.48−1.03 to 2.01−4.28−11.40 to 3.41
 22.04−6.26 to 11.084.22−6.53 to 16.210.53−1.70 to 2.81−1.44−3.01 to 0.16−1.56−8.73 to 6.17
 3−1.58−9.69 to 7.25−3.77−13.89 to 7.540.70−1.63 to 3.08−1.99−3.55 to −0.410.45−7.02 to 8.51
 4−2.91−10.96 to 5.880.48−10.00 to 12.181.75−0.52 to 4.07−0.80−2.45 to 0.889.941.53 to 19.05
Males
 0−8.24−16.44 to 0.76−0.84−10.91 to 10.36−1.10−3.86 to 1.732.260.23 to 4.334.06−3.92 to 12.70
 1−9.19−17.30 to −0.29−4.65−14.28 to 6.06−2.28−5.12 to 0.651.01−1.05 to 3.12−0.21−7.88 to 8.10
 2−4.76−13.06 to 4.34−1.81−11.76 to 9.26−0.73−3.53 to 2.16−1.38−3.50 to 0.791.46−6.19 to 9.74
 3−5.26−13.66 to 3.97−6.24−15.89 to 4.510.96−1.91 to 3.92−1.72−3.85 to 0.451.74−6.02 to 10.13
 40.84−8.23 to 10.800.18−10.12 to 11.670.56−2.21 to 3.42−0.08−2.34 to 2.24−1.13−8.86 to 7.26
Females
 03.97−4.84 to 13.600.97−8.90 to 11.922.05−0.64 to 4.81−0.07−2.00 to 1.89−6.65−13.52 to 0.76
 15.07−3.98 to 14.981.24−8.80 to 12.37−0.16−2.79 to 2.530.98−0.93 to 2.93−5.83−12.73 to 1.61
 24.12−4.86 to 13.952.44−7.65 to 13.631.69−0.98 to 4.43−0.25−2.24 to 1.78−6.19−13.13 to 1.32
 3−5.48−13.62 to 3.42−12.53−21.26 to −2.840.35−2.38 to 3.16−1.36−3.37 to 0.68−2.40−9.61 to 5.39
 4−9.03−16.93 to −0.37−8.26−17.34 to 1.811.92−0.80 to 4.73−0.95−3.09 to 1.247.30−0.67 to 15.91
80 years and older
 0−0.36−8.77 to 1.092.15−7.70 to 1.13−1.61−4.25 to 1.011.940.12 to 1.04−2.23−9.39 to 1.05
 11.57−7.06 to 1.111.36−8.45 to 1.12−2.96−5.61 to 1.001.990.21 to 1.04−4.37−11.33 to 1.03
 23.14−5.47 to 1.131.82−7.92 to 1.130.64−1.93 to 1.030.28−1.50 to 1.02−5.80−12.66 to 1.02
 3−5.71−13.66 to 1.03−9.91−18.71 to 1.000.08−2.66 to 1.03−1.17−3.00 to 1.01−0.19−7.49 to 1.08
 4−9.52−17.25 to 0.99−5.09−14.27 to 1.050.83−1.85 to 1.040.73−1.34 to 1.033.85−3.89 to 1.12
Younger than 80 years old
 0−3.94−12.57 to 5.54−2.18−12.28 to 9.072.810.00 to 5.70−0.26−2.40 to 1.92−1.01−8.62 to 7.24
 1−6.34−14.82 to 2.99−5.87−15.63 to 5.010.92−1.88 to 3.80−0.73−3.02 to 1.61−2.15−9.73 to 6.07
 2−4.10−12.76 to 5.41−1.46−11.78 to 10.060.35−2.56 to 3.35−2.87−5.38 to −0.301.41−6.38 to 9.84
 3−4.76−13.40 to 4.76−9.03−18.62 to 1.691.39−1.47 to 4.34−2.19−4.61 to 0.29−0.45−8.12 to 7.85
 41.85−7.47 to 12.10−3.57−13.74 to 7.801.73−1.10 to 4.65−2.06−4.44 to 0.392.45−5.52 to 11.10

  • *Summer months of 1 May–31 October.

  • †Winter months of 1 November–30 April.

  • H2S, hydrogen sulfide; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; O3, ozone; PM10, particulate matter ≤10 µm in aerodynamic diameter; SO2, sulfur dioxide.